{"id":497,"date":"2023-08-01T15:57:08","date_gmt":"2023-08-01T15:57:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dars-ishlanma.uz\/?p=497"},"modified":"2024-06-25T08:37:27","modified_gmt":"2024-06-25T03:37:27","slug":"tarmoq-topologiyalari","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dars-ishlanma.uz\/ru\/tarmoq-topologiyalari\/","title":{"rendered":"TARMOQ TOPOLOGIYALARI"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>KIRISH<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bugungi ahborotlashgan jamiyatga etib kelgunga qadar kompyuterlarni birlashtirish, fayllar va turli xarakterdagi xabarlar, ma&#8217;lumotlar almashish imkoniyatini yaratish borasida ko&#8217;plab tadqiqotlar olib borildi. Dastlab kompyuterlarni juft-juft qilib birlashtirishga erishildi, ko&#8217;p o&#8217;tmay bir nechta kompyuterlarni birlashtirish uchun texnik qurilma va dasturiy ta&#8217;minot yaratildi. Shu tarzda kompyuter tarmoqlari vujudga keldi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Axborotlarni tarmoqlangan usulda qayta ishlashni amalga oshirishda ko&#8217;p kompyuterli birlashmalardan \u2014 kompyuter tarmoqlaridan foydalaniladi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kompyuterlararo ma&#8217;lumotlar almashinuvini ta&#8217;minlash uchun lokal tarmoqlardan foydalaniladi. Aynan ana shu kompyuter tarmoqlarining vujudga kelishi axborotlashgan tizimlarni shakillanishiga asos bo\u2019ldi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Lokal tarmoq <\/strong>\u2014 foydalanuvchilarga ommaviy ravishda kompyuterlarda ishlash va ma&#8217;lumot almashish, dasturlarni ishlatish, ommaviy ravishda modem, printer va boshqa qurilmalarni ishlatish imkonini beradi. Lokal tarmoqqa kompyuterlarni birlashtirish uchun har xil kompyuterga ulanuvchi tarmoqli adapter (plata), kerakli miqdorda maxsus shtikkerli sim (kabel) lozim. Shunga ko\u2019ra kompyuter tarmoqlari ber necha ko\u2019rinishda tashkil qilinadi va ularni umumiy nom bilan tarmoq topologiyalari deb ataladi<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>TARMOQ TOPOLOGIYALARI<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Topologiya \u2013 bu tarmoqning tuzilishi, bog\u2019lanishdagi fizik yoki elektrik konfiguratsiyasi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Uning bir nechta turlari mavjud.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Umumiy shina (Bus)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Yulduzsimon (Star)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Xalqa (Ring)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Darahtsimon (Tree)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Barcha elementlar bir biri bilan to\u2019g\u2019ridan to\u2019g\u2019ri ulangan topologiya (Mesh)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"201\" height=\"209\" src=\"https:\/\/dars-ishlanma.uz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/tarmoq1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-498\"\/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Tarmoqni tashkil qilishda topologiyani tanlash mavjud sharoit va imkoniyatlardan kelib chiqqan holda amalga oshiriladi. Yoki tarmoq mavjut bolsa, uni tiklashda, mavjud tarmoq ishlatadigan standartdan kelib chiqqan holda topologiya tanlanadi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Siz kompyuterlarni va boshqa (skaner, printer kabi) qurilmalarni ihtiyoriy to\u2019g\u2019ri kelgan, o\u2019zingiz uchun qulay usul bilan bog\u2019lashingiz mumkin. Ya\u2019ni tarmoqni qismlarga ajratib, ularni har hil topologiyada tashkil qilishingiz va topologiyalarni ham o\u2019zaro bog\u2019lashingiz mumkin. Lekin qanday holatda tarmoq tuzishingizdan qat\u2019iy nazar belgilangan standartlardan chiqmaslik talab etiladi.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>UMUMIY SHINA<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"81\" src=\"https:\/\/dars-ishlanma.uz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/umumiy-shina.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-499\"\/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Barcha kompyuterlar bitta (malumotlar shinasi) kabelga ulanadi. Kabelning uchlariga terminatorlar o\u2019rnatiladi. Ethernet tarmoq uchun ularning bo\u2019lishi albatta shart. Bu topologiya asosida 10 Megabitli 10Base-2 va 10Base-5 tarmoqlari tashkil qilinadi. Kompyuterlar aro bog\u2019lovchi sifatida koaksial kabellar ishlatiladi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Koaksial kabel<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Koaksial so\u2019zi lotinchadan olingan bo\u2019lib <strong><em>ko<\/em><\/strong>-birgalikda va <strong><em>axis<\/em><\/strong>-o\u2019q degan ma\u2019noni anglatadi. U&nbsp; bir biri bilan dielektrik qorlam bilan agratilgan ikki metall&nbsp; silindrlardan iborat bo\u2019ladi.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"206\" height=\"55\" src=\"https:\/\/dars-ishlanma.uz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/koaksial.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-500\"\/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>1- markaziy o\u2019tkazgich (\u0436\u0438\u043b\u0430)<br>2- markaziy o\u2019tkazgichning himoya qoplami<br>3- ekranlovchi o\u2019tkazgich (\u044d\u043a\u0440\u0430\u043d)<br>4- tashqi himoya qatlami<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bunday holatda tarmoqdagi ulangan qurilmalarni ihtiyoriy o\u2019chrib qo\u2019yish, tarmoq ishiga hech qanday ta\u2019sir ko\u2019rsatmaydi.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"200\" src=\"https:\/\/dars-ishlanma.uz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/tarmoq2.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-502\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dars-ishlanma.uz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/tarmoq2.jpg 200w, https:\/\/dars-ishlanma.uz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/tarmoq2-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>10Base-2 tarmog\u2019i uchun u quyidagi ko\u2019rinishga ega.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"200\" src=\"https:\/\/dars-ishlanma.uz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/tarmoq3.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-504\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dars-ishlanma.uz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/tarmoq3.jpg 200w, https:\/\/dars-ishlanma.uz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/tarmoq3-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>Yoki mana bunday.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"200\" src=\"https:\/\/dars-ishlanma.uz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/tarmoq4.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-505\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dars-ishlanma.uz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/tarmoq4.jpg 200w, https:\/\/dars-ishlanma.uz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/tarmoq4-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Qanday ko\u2019rinishda joylanganligidan qat\u2019iy nazar u bir hil 10 Megabitli (Umumiy shina) topologiya hisoblanadi. 100 Megabitli tarmoqni tashkil qilishda esa \u201cYulduzcha\u201d topologiyasi qo\u2019llaniladi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u201cYULDUZCHA\u201d TOPOLOGIYASI<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"200\" src=\"https:\/\/dars-ishlanma.uz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/yulduzcha.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-506\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dars-ishlanma.uz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/yulduzcha.jpg 200w, https:\/\/dars-ishlanma.uz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/yulduzcha-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Har bir kompyuter va qurilmalar konsentrator yoki takrorlovchi (\u0440\u0435\u043f\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440) yoki hab (Hub) deb ataluvchi qurilma portiga alohida alohida ulanadi.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"200\" src=\"https:\/\/dars-ishlanma.uz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/hub.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-507\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dars-ishlanma.uz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/hub.jpg 200w, https:\/\/dars-ishlanma.uz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/hub-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Konsentratorlar aktiv bo\u2019lgani kabi, (nazariy) passiv bo\u2019lishi ham mumkin. Agar tarmoqdagi biror kompyuter va konsentrator orasidagi aloqada uzulish sodir bo\u2019lsa, u tarmoqning boshqa qismiga tasir ko\u2019rsatmaydi. Albatta agar u \u201cServer\u201d bo\u2019lmasa. Agar konsentrator ishdan chiqsa tarmoq ishlashdan to\u2019htaydi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Bunday tarmoq topologiyasi boshqasiga qaraganda buzulgan (tarmoq adapterlari, razyomlari va zararlangan kabellar) tarmoq elemenlarini qidirib topishda ancha qulay hisoblanadi. Tarmoqqa yangi qurilma qoshish ham \u201cYulduzcha\u201d topologiyasida bosqasiga qaraganga osonroq amalga oshadi. Yana shuni ta\u2019kidlash mumkinki, 100 va 1000 Megabitli tarmoqlar ana shu \u201cYulduzcha\u201d topologiyasi asosida quriladi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tarmoqning faoliyatini to&#8217;g&#8217;ri yuritish maqsadida bosh kompyuter (o&#8217;qituvchi) ajratiladi, unga lokal tarmoqlar bilan birlashtirilgan ishchi kompyuter (o&#8217;quvchi)lar birlashtiriladi. Agar tarmoqda 20-25 ta kompyuter mavjud bo&#8217;lsa, ular albatta bosh kompyuterga ega bo&#8217;lishi lozim.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Lokal tarmoqlar faoliyatini yuritish uchun maxsus dasturiy ta&#8217;minot mavjud. Windows 95\/2000\/XP operatsion tizimlarida lokal tarmoqqa boshqa maxsus dasturlarsiz ham kompyuterlar ulanishi mumkin. Buning uchun tarmoq protokollaridan foydalaniladi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tarmoq protokollari<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tarmoq protokoli kompyuterlar o\u2019zaro aloqasini boshqaruvchi qoidalar to\u2019plamidan tashkil topadi. Ko\u2019pgina protokollar mavjud bo\u2019lib, ulardan quyidagilari ko\u2019proq ishlatiladi: IPX\/SPX, TSP\/IP, NetBIOS, NetBEUI, AppleTalk<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"363\" height=\"468\" src=\"https:\/\/dars-ishlanma.uz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Protokol.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-894\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dars-ishlanma.uz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Protokol.jpg 363w, https:\/\/dars-ishlanma.uz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Protokol-233x300.jpg 233w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 363px) 100vw, 363px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>Lokal&nbsp; tarmoqga ulangan har bir kompyuter o\u2019zini shaxsiy&nbsp; nomiga ega&nbsp; bulib, ihtiyoriy nomlanish mumkin va u ishchi guruh tarkibiga&nbsp; kiradi. Jumladan quyida keltirilgan rasmda tarmoqdagi barcha kompyuterlar umumiy <strong><em>Wks<\/em><\/strong>-Workstation (Ishchi stansiya) nom bilan belgilangan va u <strong><em>User <\/em><\/strong>(Foydalanuvchi) deb ataladi<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ishchi stolida joylashgan \u201cTarmoq muhiti\u201d (\u0421\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u043a\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435) belgisi bosilganda&nbsp; ochilgan oynada lokal tarmoqqa ulangan barcha kompyuterlar ro\u2019yhati chiqadi.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"460\" height=\"406\" src=\"https:\/\/dars-ishlanma.uz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/set.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-509\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dars-ishlanma.uz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/set.png 460w, https:\/\/dars-ishlanma.uz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/set-300x265.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 460px) 100vw, 460px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>Maxsus tarmoqlar uchun dasturlar tarkibiga Novell NetWare yoki Windows NT Server kiradi. Lokal tarmoqlar bir tashkilot yoki binoda joylashgan kompyuterlarni birlashtiradi xolos.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kompyuter tarmog&#8217;i quyidagi qismlardan tashkil topadi:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Tarmoq abonentlari <\/strong>&#8211; tarmoqda axborotni yuzaga keltiruvchi yoki uni iste&#8217;mol qiluvchi ob&#8217;ektdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Aloxida EhMlar, EHM majmualari, terminallar, sanoat robotlari, dasturiy boshqaruvli dastgoxlar va shu kabilar tarmoq abonentlari bo\u2019lishlari mumkin. Tarmoqning har bir abonenti stansiyaga ulanadi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Stansiya <\/strong>&#8211; axborot uzatish va qabul qilish bilan bog\u2019liq vazifalarni bajaruvchi ob&#8217;ekt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Abonent va stansiya birgalikda &laquo;abonent tizimi&raquo; deb ataladi. Abonentlarning o\u2019zaro aloqasini tashkil etish uchun fizik uzatish muxiti mavjud bo\u2019lishi kerak.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Fizik uzatish muxiti <\/strong>&#8211; elektr, radio yoki boshqa signallar yordamida amalga oshiriladigan aloqa kanali va ma&#8217;lumotlarni uzatish, qabul qilish qurilmasidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Fizik uzatish muxiti negizida abonent tizimlari o\u2019rtasida axborot uzatishni ta&#8217;minlovchi kommunikasion tarmoq tashkil etiladi. Bunday yondashuv har qanday kompyuter tarmog\u2019ini abonent tizimlari va kommunikasion tarmoq yigindisi sifatida ko\u2019rish imkonini beradi.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"211\" height=\"163\" src=\"https:\/\/dars-ishlanma.uz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/tarmoq5.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-510\"\/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Agar sizda ham o\u2019z ish honangizda yoki offisingizdagi kompyuterlarni o\u2019zaro tarmoqqa birlashtirish uchun barcha imkoniyatlar mavjud bo\u2019lsa va uni qanday amalga oshirishni bilmayotgan bo\u2019lsangiz, unda Windowsning standart imkoniyatlaridan foydalanishingiz mumkin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<!-- Yandex.RTB R-A-2562262-5 -->\n<div id=\"yandex_rtb_R-A-2562262-5\"><\/div>\n<script>window.yaContextCb.push(()=>{\n\tYa.Context.AdvManager.render({\n\t\t\"blockId\": \"R-A-2562262-5\",\n\t\t\"renderTo\": \"yandex_rtb_R-A-2562262-5\"\n\t})\n})\n<\/script>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>KIRISH Bugungi ahborotlashgan jamiyatga etib kelgunga qadar kompyuterlarni birlashtirish, fayllar va turli xarakterdagi xabarlar, ma&#8217;lumotlar almashish imkoniyatini yaratish borasida ko&#8217;plab tadqiqotlar olib borildi. Dastlab kompyuterlarni juft-juft qilib birlashtirishga erishildi, ko&#8217;p o&#8217;tmay bir nechta kompyuterlarni birlashtirish uchun texnik qurilma va dasturiy ta&#8217;minot yaratildi. Shu tarzda kompyuter tarmoqlari vujudga keldi. Axborotlarni tarmoqlangan usulda qayta ishlashni amalga oshirishda [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":509,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[37],"tags":[139,135,134,136,138,137],"class_list":["post-497","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-maqola","tag-daraxtsimon","tag-lokal-tarmoq","tag-topologiya","tag-umumiy-shina","tag-xalqa","tag-yulduzsimon"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/dars-ishlanma.uz\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/497","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/dars-ishlanma.uz\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/dars-ishlanma.uz\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dars-ishlanma.uz\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dars-ishlanma.uz\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=497"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/dars-ishlanma.uz\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/497\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1219,"href":"https:\/\/dars-ishlanma.uz\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/497\/revisions\/1219"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dars-ishlanma.uz\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/509"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/dars-ishlanma.uz\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=497"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dars-ishlanma.uz\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=497"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dars-ishlanma.uz\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=497"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}